Due to the gift and estate tax being applied to value rather than cost, an important strategy for lowering the taxes is to lower the taxable value of the transfers.
一个有效的策略可以在不降低标的资产的实际经济价值的情况下降低应税价值. 如果遗产包括私人商业实体, and a taxpayer plans to gift an interest in the entity, then the taxpayer will need to engage a valuation professional.
对于私营企业实体中的少数股权,有两种不同类型的众所周知的估值折扣, which include the discount for lack of control and the discount for lack of marketability.
A 少数民族的利益 is generally one that owns less than 51% of the governance rights in a business entity. 适用于少数股权的折扣直接降低了赠予股权的价值, 从而减少赠与人所使用的终身排除权.
让我们回顾一下在这两个折扣中考虑的一些项目的高层次探索.
因为缺乏控制而打折
缺乏控制的折扣适用于在业务实体内缺乏单方面决策能力的利益. 的 valuation professional will receive and analyze information from a management interview, 财务报表, 以及企业实体的管理文件. 的 agreement will define the rights for the ownership interest being valued. Items that can affect the discount for lack of control include:
- 谁拥有管理控制权?
- Who dictates both the timing and the amount of distributions?
- Who is able to initiate the sale of all, or substantially all, of the business?
- 谁有能力就企业出售进行谈判?
- Who is able to determine the amount of debt that the business takes on?
- 谁有投票权?
- 谁没有投票权?
- 谁可以强制要求追加资本?
- Is there another owner(s) who can unilaterally block decisions of the interest?
当然, this is not an exhaustive list of considerations concerning the discount for lack of control. But each of these items gives significant weight to the discount for lack of control.
由于缺乏适销性而打折
缺乏可销售性的折扣是一种认识,即私人公司的非控制性权益缺乏与在公开股票市场交易的公司股票相同的流动性或可销售性. 另外, 少数人持股的企业可以通过以下措施进一步限制可转让性:
- 优先购买权;
- Restrictions on admissibility of members/partners; and
- 允许转让的限制.
再次,这不是一个详尽的清单,考虑到缺乏适销性的折扣项目. 由于缺乏控制而产生的折扣和由于缺乏适销性而产生的折扣可能相差很大,但可以使应税转让的价值减少多达40%. Given these discounts result in a significant reduction in value, 因此, 所缴纳的全部税款, it is important to have a reputable valuation professional completing the work.
2026年1月1日即将到来. 赠与和遗产律师, 税务顾问和估值专业人士正在努力工作,试图跟上当前的需求.
如有任何有关遗产或 财富规划,请联系 LBMC的财富顾问’ team, and we can help build a strategy that will work best for you and your family.
内容由LBMC估值专业人士提供, 杰西卡·巴雷特、CPA、ABV、CFE、LBMC税务专业人士; 谢尔比Follis,注册会计师.
LBMC为客户和本所的朋友提供税务信息和教育服务. 该沟通是高级别的,不应被视为采取任何具体行动的法律或税务建议. 个人在作出任何税务或法律相关决定之前,应咨询其个人税务或法律顾问. 除了, the information and data presented are based on sources believed to be reliable, but we do not guarantee their accuracy or completeness. 的 information is current as of the date indicated and is subject to change without notice.